Models of Health

Every question here, with the answer

1. A nurse is planning a health-promotion intervention for a patient who says, “I know quitting smoking could improve my health, but I am not sure I can actually do it.” Which nursing assessment best applies the Health Belief Model?

   1. Determine whether the patient’s social needs have been met before discussing smoking.
   2. Focus only on whether the patient has a diagnosed smoking-related illness.
   3. Ask which religious practices the patient wants incorporated into care.
   4. Assess the patient’s perceived barriers to quitting and confidence in making the change.

   Answer: Assess the patient’s perceived barriers to quitting and confidence in making the change.

   The Health Belief Model focuses on beliefs and attitudes that shape health behaviors, including perceived barriers and self-efficacy. The other options reflect other perspectives: a disease-focused medical approach, a religious model, or Maslow’s hierarchy rather than HBM.

2. A nurse is designing a mammogram screening program using the Health Promotion Model. Which actions are consistent with this model? Select all that apply.

   1. Provide ongoing education and skill building to support long-term behavior change.
   2. Create access to supportive environments that promote healthy choices.
   3. Limit teaching to patients who already have symptoms of illness.
   4. Assess individual characteristics and experiences that may affect screening behavior.
   5. Focus only on diagnosing and treating physical disease.

   Answer: Provide ongoing education and skill building to support long-term behavior change., Create access to supportive environments that promote healthy choices., Assess individual characteristics and experiences that may affect screening behavior.

   The Health Promotion Model includes individual characteristics and experiences, supportive environments, and ongoing education and skill building. Waiting for symptoms or focusing only on diagnosis and treatment is more consistent with a medical or biomedical focus, not the HPM.

3. A patient reports poor nutrition, lack of exercise, high stress, and feeling spiritually disconnected. Which nursing care plan best reflects the Holistic Health Model?

   1. Explain that health is achieved only through medical procedures.
   2. Encourage the patient to meet esteem needs before addressing physical concerns.
   3. Focus only on identifying the physical disease causing the patient’s symptoms.
   4. Address physical, emotional, social, and spiritual aspects of the patient’s well-being.

   Answer: Address physical, emotional, social, and spiritual aspects of the patient’s well-being.

   The Holistic Health Model considers multiple dimensions of health and seeks balance in body, mind, and spirit. The other options narrow care to physical illness, misapply Maslow’s hierarchy, or overemphasize medical intervention.

4. A nurse is caring for a patient who has unmet physiological needs and also expresses concern about belonging and self-esteem. According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, which nursing approach is most appropriate?

   1. Focus first on self-actualization because it is the highest level of need.
   2. Delay care until the patient identifies all five levels of needs independently.
   3. Prioritize love and belonging needs before any lower-level needs.
   4. Address the patient’s physiological needs before focusing on social or esteem needs.

   Answer: Address the patient’s physiological needs before focusing on social or esteem needs.

   Maslow’s hierarchy suggests that lower-level needs must be met before higher-level needs. Physiological needs come before security, social, esteem, and self-actualization needs.

5. A nurse wants to provide care using the humanistic model of health. Which nursing actions are appropriate? Select all that apply.

   1. Base the plan primarily on fixing independent body parts like a machine.
   2. Ask the patient about unique experiences, beliefs, and values that shape their view of health.
   3. Focus the visit only on the patient’s symptoms or illness.
   4. Encourage the patient’s ability to make choices that support a fulfilling life.
   5. Use open communication, empathy, and mutual respect during care.

   Answer: Ask the patient about unique experiences, beliefs, and values that shape their view of health., Encourage the patient’s ability to make choices that support a fulfilling life., Use open communication, empathy, and mutual respect during care.

   The humanistic model emphasizes the whole person, personal experience, self-awareness, choices, and a supportive patient-provider relationship. Focusing only on symptoms or viewing the body like a machine aligns more with biomedical thinking, not the humanistic model.

6. A nurse is reviewing examples of models of health and illness. Which examples are correctly matched with the model? Select all that apply.

   1. Biomedical model: cigarette smoking is linked to death from lung cancer.
   2. Existential model: a terminally ill patient chooses herbs, exercise, and dietary changes and makes peace with the diagnosis.
   3. Psychosomatic model: a patient’s strong belief that a treatment was real is associated with improvement in symptoms after receiving a placebo.
   4. Biomedical model: emotional distress causes physical symptoms without a clear physical cause.
   5. Existential model: the body is viewed as separate parts that can be fixed independently.

   Answer: Biomedical model: cigarette smoking is linked to death from lung cancer., Existential model: a terminally ill patient chooses herbs, exercise, and dietary changes and makes peace with the diagnosis., Psychosomatic model: a patient’s strong belief that a treatment was real is associated with improvement in symptoms after receiving a placebo.

   The section gives cigarette smoking and lung cancer as a biomedical example, placebo-related symptom improvement as psychosomatic, and a terminally ill patient choosing nontraditional approaches and peace with diagnosis as existential. The incorrect options swap psychosomatic and biomedical descriptions with other models.